AA Meeting :: Free Essay Writer

12 Step MeetingThe meeting I attended took built in bed in Bothell on a weeknight at 700 pm in the evening. The meeting was held in a local church and there were 17 masses in attendance, excluding myself. Among the 17 people, there were 6 women and 11 men. The average attendee was approximately between the ages of 40-50, 4 people were under the age of 30, and two were somewhere around 60. Of the 17 people, 16 were white and one woman was of an Asian-American descent.The focus of the meeting was Step 2 humility. There were a few AA birthdays and in ecumenic the meeting consisted out of birthday-people reliving their stories and some talking about humility. Prior to the meeting I was expecting to enter into a room filled with smoke and nervous, provoke people. My impression of AA and of alcoholics mostly came from movies and my own prior experience with population suffering from different psychiatric disorders. I was expecting a lot of smoking, coffee drinking, twitching and cosm opolitan nervous behaviors. To my surprise the meeting mostly was attended, by normal in appearance people, that I would never suspect of having any addiction problems. The people were not twitching (to my surprise), but instead were very calm, cool and collected. Many talked about God and holding AA as the higher power in their lives.The meeting I attended best compares with the meetings I saw in the film 28 Days. While in rehabilitation center Gwen attends a series of inside the rehab meetings. As in the 28 Days meetings, the meeting I attended was held in a circle with people facing each other. There were no outbursts as in the movie, but there was an official huger who dispensed hugs as needed, be it a birthdays or a new attendee such as my self. ikon consisted of constant outbursts at therapy sessions, emotions of the film characters were all over the place, people were angry, happy or depressed. The people at the meeting I attended were mostly hush up and most seemed very de pressed. I came away form the meeting, with enormous feeling of sadness, for all attending. Many of the stories heard by me at the meeting coincided with different stories, from 28 days. Just like Gwen in the beginning of the movie crashed her car and was court ordered to go into rehab, many of the people at the meeting had similar fates.

Comparing the History and Culture of The United States and Jamaica Ess

later on visiting the country of Jamaica this past summer, I realized how dissimilar some countries can be from the united States. Jamaica was not unlike the coupled States in a terrible way, but the disparities made me additionally interested in researching about the beautiful and culture-rich country of Jamaica. level though the majority of facts about the history and culture of the United States and Jamaica are dissimilar, I was surprised to come across some similarities among these two countries. Alike the United States, Jamaica also acquired their independence from Great Britain. However, Jamaica did not obtain their independence until August 6th, 1962 virtually 200 years after the United States achieved their independence on July 4th, 1776. After Jamaica gained their independence, they decided to carry on a Constitutional parliamentary democracy, comparable to the government of Great Britain. So, in opposition to of having a president run the country, analogous to the Unit ed States, Jamaica has a Prime Minister govern their country. However, their government is made up of three breakes, legislative, executive, and judicial, reminiscent of the United States. The executive branch consists of the Governor General, the indigenous minister and, the cabinet. The legislative branch is a bicameral Parliament made up of twenty one appointed senators and sixty elected representatives. Lastly, the judicial branch consists of the Court of Appeal and the courts of original jurisdiction (Jamaica)In spite of this, the Jamaican government does not have to govern as many people as the United States government is obliged to. The entire country of Jamaica has an area merely of about 4,244 square miles and a population of approximately 2,825,928, wit... ...t of State, 06 Aug. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. .Jamaican Patois. Wikipedia, the turn Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 09 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. .Jamaica Unemployment Rate - Economy. Index Mu ndi - Country Facts. Index Mundi, Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. .List of U.S. States and Territories by Area. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 16 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. . human race Bank, World Development Indicators-Google Public Data Explorer. Google. World Bank, World Development Indicators, 28 July 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. .

Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction Essay -- Americ

Characteristics and Impacts of American reconstruction The key goals of Reconstruction were to readmit the South into the fusion and to define the status of freedmen in American society. The Reconstruction era was marked by political, not violent, conflict. Some historical myths are that the South was victimized by Reconstruction, and that the various plans of Reconstruction were corrupt and unjust. Actually, the plans were quite lenient, enforcing military rule for only a short period of time, ignoring land reform, and granting pardons easily. The task of Reconstruction was to re-integrate America into a whole nation, securing the rights of each man and establishing order once again. There were three major Reconstruction plans capital of Nebraska, Johnson, and telling each offered a strategy to unify the nation. capital of Nebraskas plan, in 1864, required ten percent of the voting population of each state who had voted in the 1860 election to take an oath of alle giance to the merger and accept the abolition of slavery. Then that ten percent could create a state governing that would be loyal to the Union. Confederate officials, army and naval officers, and courteous officers who had resigned from office were all required to apply for presidential pardons (Boyer, 443). capital of Nebraskas plan did not at all deal with freedmens civil rights, which is a definite weakness. Under his ten percent rule, no freedmen could be part of a state government. Also, it did not address land reform, an economic weakness of Lincolns strategy. Finally, under Lincolns plan, no federal military occupation was required in Southern states. This left the freedmen at the mercy of the states for protection. Congress viewed this plan as far overly lenient, and in 1864 passed the Wade-Davis bill. This bill required the majority of voters in each Southern state to take an oath of the true only then could the state hold a convention to repeal secession and abolish slavery. Although Lincolns plan may have been too lenient, this bill would have been far too harsh and delayed readmission to the Union for a very long time. Lincoln did not sign the bill into law, or pocket-vetoed the bill, and was soon assassinated. Therefore, he did not have a chance to implement his plan of Reconstruction, and his goal was not met. After Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency following Lincolns assassination in ... ...n did create black institutions in response to Reconstruction there was a cropping up of black churches, schools, and higher education establishments (Boyer 458). Reconstruction made the nation as a whole feel reunited, but it was viewed as a failure and waste immediately after its completion (Boyer, 471). It set(p) the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement by passing the 13, 14, and 15th amendments, even though they would not be implemented to protect minority rights for nearly a hundred years. Reconstruction also established a policy of treating African-Americans as second-class citizens. The nation was taught that it was alright to treat blacks as inferior people because the government would not even guarantee them the right to vote in state elections. However, Reconstruction did pave the way for share-cropping and the factory system, which would lead to an economic boom as American expanded. Reconstruction threw America into upheaval, and by 1875 the North had tired of the various plans and politics, and longed to end Congresss plan (Boyer, 467). Boyer, Clark, et.al.Enduring Vision,Volume II From 1865. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston2000.

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homers Iliad :: Iliad essays

Divine Providence and Destiny in Homers The IliadDestiny is defined as fate. One cannot escape destiny. Divine interference on the other hand is much different. One can at least beg for mercy or swear out. Both destiny and divine interpellation are intertwined in Homers The Iliad. In book I Thetis asks a favour of Zeus in rig to make her son look good. Zeus decides to help Achilles against the wishes of Hera. In Book II there are two gods trying to accomplish different tasks. In order to make Achilles look good, Zeus essential springiness glory to the Achaeans. Hera on the other hand tries to help the Greeks. The gods try to assert their divine authority, but without the humans realizing they are being played akin puppets. Throughout The Iliad we see both divine providence and the luck of humanity playing a part in the lives of Hector and Achilles.In Book I Achilles looks for a holy man to find out why the gods are against the Achaeans. Achilles knows that in order to win the war, the Trojan army must find favor with the gods. The chosen holy man was Thestor. It was said that the god Apollo had given Thestor power to see into the world of the supernatural. Before Thestor would even say anything, he required impudence that he would not be harmed for what he had to say. Thestor blames the plague of problems on Agamemnon. Because Agamemnon will not return Chryseis, the Achaean army has fallen out of favor of the gods. In order to return to the protective umbrella of the gods, restitution must be given. Chryseis must be returned. In this instance, the humans wanted favor from the gods. In order to get it, they had to comply to what the gods wanted, which was give back Chryseis. In Book II Zeus uses a conceive of to change the lot of Achilles. Agamemnon has a dream indicating that the Achaeans should give up. Nestor also agrees after hearing the dream. Agamemnon and the chiefs make a decision about the war and the destiny of the Achaean fighters based on a dream sent by Zeus whose purpose is to make Achilles look good. Here again, the gods are the puppeteers and the humans are not really in control of their destiny. In Book VI we see the belief in fate becoming more evident.

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass :: Example Personal Narratives

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass   As a youth, I hated to fell so much that one day I left our push-mower in the yard to rust and became an expatriated Texas inditer. My first story was about an alien being who, in the end, turned out to be a lawnmower.   By the time I came home again, I had spent so much time in the easterly that my Texas friends expected me to move into a highrise in downtown Dallas. But instead we settled sixteen miles to the south, in Cedar Hill. We surprised everyone by buying a place with an eight-acre yard.   It was during the summer, and I had to start mowing immediately. You just stay inside where its cool, I told Norma, who is afraid of grass. Ill take care of the yard. As I spoke, I was gazing out at more grass and weeds than Id ever seen in my life, except at a cemetery.   Now whenever anybody from Dallas comes out to see our spread for the first time, they remark on the seclusion, the spaciousness, the scenic beauty. The n they ask uneasily, Do you MOW all this? People dont like it when I say yes. They dont understand it. Old friends say Ive changed, implying for the worst.   But on that point is a difference between what I do today and the mowing of my youth. Mowing a little patch of front yard is typical outdoor city run boring, undistinguished, pitiable, drone-like activity. But getting astride a John Deere tractor and spending twenty hours in two days tackling tough thistles, high Johnson grass, giant sticker weeds, and tree creeper so tough it copulates with barbed wire is the kind of intense activity that, if you survive it, eventually transcends itself. Like Zen or long-distance running, it becomes a mode to wisdom.   Ive been at it three years now, and its no accident that I dont write as I used to. All I really want to write about is mowing-and then for only an hour or so at a time between whole days on my tractor. The fact is, mowing and committal to writing fill the same nee ds, only mowing does it better.   Mowing eight acres every week would drive some kinds of people mad, but it has served to make me feel in consent with the flux of the heaving earth as it hurtles through time.

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass :: Example Personal Narratives

Zen and the Transcendent Art Of Mowing Grass   As a youth, I hated to mow so much that adept day I left our push-mower in the yard to rust and became an expatriated Texas writer. My first story was about an alien being who, in the end, turned out to be a lawnmower.   By the time I came home again, I had spent so much time in the East that my Texas friends expected me to move into a highrise in downtown Dallas. But instead we settled sixteen miles to the south, in Cedar Hill. We surprised everyone by buying a place with an eight-acre yard.   It was during the summer, and I had to extend mowing immediately. You just stay inside where its cool, I told Norma, who is afraid of grass. Ill take care of the yard. As I spoke, I was gazing out at more grass and weeds than Id ever seen in my life, except at a cemetery.   Now whenever anybody from Dallas comes out to see our spread for the first time, they remark on the seclusion, the spaciousness, the scenic beauty. Then t hey look at uneasily, Do you MOW all this? People dont like it when I say yes. They dont understand it. Old friends say Ive changed, implying for the worst.   But there is a difference betwixt what I do today and the mowing of my youth. Mowing a little patch of front yard is typical outdoor city work boring, undistinguished, pitiable, drone-like activity. But getting astride a John Deere tractor and spending twenty hours in two days tackling tough thistles, high Johnson grass, giant sticker weeds, and creeper so tough it copulates with bristled wire is the kind of intense activity that, if you survive it, eventually transcends itself. Like Zen or long-distance running, it becomes a path to wisdom.   Ive been at it three long time now, and its no accident that I dont write as I used to. All I really want to write about is mowing-and then for exclusively an hour or so at a time between whole days on my tractor. The fact is, mowing and writing fill the same needs, whole mowing does it better.   Mowing eight acres every week would drive some kinds of people mad, but it has served to make me feel in harmony with the flux of the heaving undercoat as it hurtles through time.

Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism

Comparison of Two types of heathen Religion i. e. Hinduism and Buddhism southwestward Asian people have a well-defined amalgam of Abrahamic and Pagan religions. Two of the Pagan religions of this region are well-known in this region because their birth place South Asia. These two religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. Hinduism refers to the principal and most old-fashi unityd religious tradition of India in it the lives of the believers are governed by the doctrines of Dharma or universal law, Karma or the cumulative effects of personal actions, and Samsara or the cycle of rebirth, liberation from which is the commencement exercise goal of life similarly Buddhism is a religion and philosophic brass, founded in India in the 6th cent. By Buddha it t from each onees the right thinking and self-denial will enable the individual to reach Nirvana, a divine state of release from misdirected desire (Dictionary definitions you can understand-).Although the birth place of both religions is South Asia and thus they stem from a similar Philosophy and culture, as S. Radhakrishnan says Buddhism, in its origin at least is an offshoot of Hinduism (qtd. InBuddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism, Compare transmission line Buddhism & Hinduism. ) yet on that point is also a prominent difference in the major ideational elements of Doctrine of both which includes Concept of God, metempsychosis and Caste system. In each and every religion of the World, the word God generally refers to designate a supreme power, who is the ultimate creator of the entire universe.In Hinduism in that respect is also much(prenominal) definition for God. Neither the multitude of gods nor great sages know my origin, for I am the source of all the gods and great sages. A mortal who knows me as the unborn, beginning-less great professional of the world is freed from all delusion and all evils (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2 Verses 9 & 10. ). But the thorough study of Hinduism reveal s it a polytheistic religion indeed most of Hindus evidence it by their worship of God. As they consider the many of living and non-living things to be divine and sacred.For example they consider the trees, the sun, the moon, the monkey, the snake and the human beings as manifestations of God. While in Buddhism, the designation of God is same as in Hinduism. As Gospel of Buddha says There is, O monks, an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed. Were there not, O monks, this unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. Since, O monks, there is an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, therefore is there an escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed (The Gospel of Buddha).But there appears difference in the belief in gods and providential manifestations of both religions because in Buddhism there is no such entailment of godly figures in the original Buddhistic doc trine, except in few sects. Buddha was once asked by a disciple whether God exists. He refused to reply. When pressed, he said that if you are suffering from a stomach ache would you concentrate on relieving the pain or studying the prescription of the physician. It is not my business or yours to find out whether there is God our business is to remove the sufferings of the world (Concept of god in Buddhism).Doctrine of Buddhism says that all these are the ways, by which people soothe themselves. Gripped by fear, men go to the sacred mountains, sacred grooves, sacred trees and shrines (The Dhammapada 188). But also Buddhists do not condemn the concept of gods and also they do not regard the believers of gods as sinners. Hinduism is considered as the complex mixture of religious philosophies and schools but the soul of all this is Reincarnation i. e. the journey of the soul (atman) from one body to another body(cycle of birth and death).This cycle of birth and death (also known as Sa msara) is summarized in the following verse of The Bhagavad Gita secure as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. (Chapter 2-Verse 22). As we profoundly shine over both the religions Buddhism shares some concepts of Reincarnation with Hinduism but on the major there appear differences. For example Theravada Buddhism emphasizes in the doctrine of Anatta, or no soul, which states there is no enduring entity that persists from one life to the next.While in Hinduism, Karma determines the circumstances of subsequent lives, so there is continuity between personalities but not persistence of identity. For this reason, Thervada Buddhist prefer the term reincarnation to Reincarnation. That is why in Buddhism, the law of Karma is viewed as naturalistic, akin to the laws of physics. Thus Buddhists do not consider the circumstances of Rebirth as rewards or punishment handed out by a controlling God, they simply regard i t the natural result of various good and vainglorious deeds.Thus contrary to the infinite cycle of Reincarnation Rebirth inevitably involves suffering and ends when all carvings are lost and Nirvana is achieved (Does Hinduism consider In Reincarnation. ). So Buddhists cartroad their lives in a way (negating the concept of infinite cycle of births and deaths), which leads them to their ultimate destination i. e. Nirvana Some of the teachings of every religion of the world provide the guidelines in order to secure the basic affectionate rights of the people.But the there are some religion in which Caste system has deprived the people from their basic accessible rights. During the Buddhas time Brahmanism was the predominant religion in India, in which all humans were divided into four castes i. e priests, warriors, traders and laborers. Later on this Caste system was absorbed into Hinduism, given religious legitimacy and sanction and has continued to function right up till the pres ent. This has made the Social contact between each cast minimal and has provided the lower ones with the less opportunities, the less freedom and the less rights.Outside the caste system there are the outcasts people, who are considered so impure that they are hardly counted as humans. On the other hand Buddha himself was born into the warrior caste, but he severely criticized the caste system. He ridiculed the priests claims to be superior, he criticized the theological basis of the system and he welcomed into theSanghapeople of all castes, including outcasts. His most famous saying on the subject is Birth does not make one a priest or an outcaste. Behavior makes one either a priest or an outcaste (Buddhist Studies Caste System. ).In summary to the religious beliefs, philosophies and social teachings Buddhism provides an ultimate concept for an ultimate Power, similarly it gives the fascinating hope for ultimate destination Nirvana and also it maps a just society on the fortunate rules of equity. While Hinduism limits the ultimate concept of God to worldly figures, similarly the concept of Reincarnation, negates the ultimate destination which indirectly, is the negation of God and also the caste system in it makes the life of its followers worldly punishment, because deprivation of basic social rights leads the people to inferiority complex. Bhagavad Gita Chapter 2 Verses 9,10 &22Bamboo Wisdom. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. Buddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism,Compare Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism. Buddhist Tourism,Travel Buddhist Sites,Buddhist Tourism in India, Japan, Tibet, China. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http//www. buddhist-tourism. com/buddhism/religion/buddhism-hinduism. html Buddhist Studies Caste System. BuddhaNet Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation? Personal Development on a Deeper Level Tyler Hardy. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . Reincarnation World, Body, Life, History , Beliefs, Time, Person, Human, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shiite Muslims, Judaism and Christianity, Ancient Greece, West Africa. Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . South Asia Definition WordIQ. com. Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus WordIQ Dictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. The Dhammapada Verses and Stories. Tipitaka Network Bringing Dhamma Studies to You. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . The Gospel of Buddha. The Reluctant Messenger of Science and Religion Science and the Worlds Religions Are Pieces to a Puzzle That Need Each Other to Form a Complete Picture. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http//reluctant-messenger. com/gospel_buddha/chapter_20. htm. Concept of god in Buddhism-by Dr. Zakir Naik Dictionary Definitions You Can Understand YourDictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http//www. yourdictionary. com. http//saif_w. tripod. com/interfaith/general/god/inbuddhism. htm

History and Work of Ikko Tanaka Essay

Looking over the go of Henryk Tomaszawski I make up his last to be uniquely his own in the way that each design is composed. I also felt hes done a handsome trouble in expressing his culture throughout his tend. Id have to comp be his art form and technique to Japanese graphic designer Shigeo Fukudo. In comparing their poster whole kit they both(prenominal) display their own unique style but the form, colors, and in some posters ideas are much alike. In both artists work you see their individual cultures expressed. In Tomaszawski work theres a constant use of rich colors of purples, yellow, reds, and greens. He also uses scandalous to emphasize his designs. Like bold lettering in heavy stroke lines. His use of these heavy stokes resembles to Japanese calligraphy. Many of his posters are in truth impacting but in an animated and lively way that pulls the viewer in. His work presents much softer and curvier stroke than that of Fuduka, but much of their elements are similar. Th e feeling is quite the same with Shigeo Fukuda.Hes also expresses his culture throughout his work. In his more recent work theres a modern Japanese feel to it. Much of his work displays the vivid red color like that from Japans flag. He also fuses heavy strokes of black into most of his work. In some of his older works you see these heavy yet softer strokes but recent work shows harder more uniformed lines. Fukudas work is very simplistic with an animated twist. Throughout his work you see a constant use of bright colors. I think Tomaszawski and Fuduka express a sense of illusion in their work. They do this excellent job of getting their points across in a way thats almost fantasy like. Even in their more unspoilt nationalistic posters both chose to found them in a impacting way that still expressed a bit of animation.Henryk Tomaszawski Manekiny Opera Poster (1985)Shigeo Fukuda In Poland (1995)In both posters you can see the elements are very similar but each artist has a distingu ished way of expressing his style. I found throughout many of their posters they both have found a usage for limbs thats quite interesting. Here is these poster Tomaszawski used more whimsical strokes to draw a females leg. His poster looks very much like other Polish art I have seen. While Fudukas poster is quite similar he chose harder more serious modern style. Here he has intertwined a male and female leg while giving the illusion of a necktie flying.

The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives

For most parts of history, governing monetary executives bring been harbourn as scorekeepers, and make responsible for collecting, processing and reporting the financial information that used by elected officials and senior managers who use them in making their decisions. The disbelief is whether their role has now smorgasbordd with the present importance of information technology. (From scorekeeper to Business collaborationist The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives)Now t here is increasing curtilage of the importance that information technology is getting in public administration and this is resulting in more and more insistence from the public that government financial executives bind a greater say in all decision making activities of the government. The finance executives are now the individuals to lead the charge for getting an entrepreneurial casing of government and have it judged based on its military operation.For most of the finance executives now, the changes are leading to redesigning of entire processes related to finance, introducing best practices for financial management, improving and integrating financial management with separate information management and in certain baptismal fonts til now shifting the responsibility of all financial operations to outsiders. The trend is now to change finance functions in a manner that control functions for financial expenditures are built into non-financial processes so that the non-financial manager also has to take up responsibility for the activities.From scorer to Business first mate The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) This depicts a lot more freedom to the finance experts to use their expertise for the purpose of finance. The attempt here is not to demean the traditional duties of government financial executives, as it is always of the essence(predicate) to comply with write up and financial reporting that is required, make correct bills reconciliati on and process all financial transactions in cartridge holder.Yet, these activities were planetaryly thought to be entirely the regular duties of the finance executives. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) thither are also finance officers at different levels and the state or provincial level executives who are the tangency to the local finance officers from the top.They meet rarely generally once a year during annual conferences of some type or the other. The importance of these executives is in the event that they represent their association at official ceremonies. (State and provincial representatives (Profiling GFOA)) The importance of financial officers is being increasingly recognized and in the preface to the GAAFR 2005, which is the set of guidelines to be followed.There are the summarization and specific revisions as also updates of the text of the 2001 edition in that respect is addition of all the amendments that were earlier included in the GAAFR Update auxiliary there has been addition of new material which are connected to the GASB statements from 39 through 45 there has been addition of new material based on the guidance that had been given in the comprehensive implementation guide as given in the GASB 2004 that included a guidance that was given for the first time in relation to GASB statement 40 there was addition of a new section related directly to all school district plys there was reworking of a significant number of chapters the set of references to pilot light material was change magnitude to a large extent so that research on the subject could buy the farm easier an expanded and revised glossary and a redesigned index. (Making the most of the New Blue Book) Thus the importance of the finance executives in operation of the government is certainly cognize and steps are being taken to help them in operation of their functions.This is because of the present importance of the functions of the finance executives which helps the government in various ways equivalent helping operation managers develop the financial parts of business cases and proposals for new or expanded services leading efforts to reposition and increase the computer storageing sources which have not been appropriated like fees, rents, royalties and franchises provide guidance for financing new and original ventures like setting up of revolving funds, getting into public and private partnerships, or even setting up of fee for service arrangements help performance based management to activate a level playing field for the competition surrounded by government and the private sector.From Scorekeeper to Business Partner The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) Sometimes the finance executives are placed in situations beyond their competency and these results in many paradoxs. One of the instances when this sort of event occurs is in situations when the elected person lea ves it to the finance person to manage the affairs in even the elegant cities. Even they have become multi-million dollar enterprises today. The elected person may have been a merchant, homemaker, lawyer, community activist or anything else, but in general they have little understanding of public finance. This makes them rely on the administrators or auditors that they have in their organization.This is what happened in Orange County, California and the faulty investment strategy of the treasurer led to losses for the county of well over a billion dollars. The budget that is presented may be balanced, but that does not mean that the collection and outlay of money is in proper order. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) In certain cases, for balancing the budget, easy methods are adopted the money is drawn from reserves. This withdrawal can be done only once, yet the city of Miami followed this process for many years as the city had deficit operations and used bond collections to cover it up. The important matter is that the budget be balanced through the use of current revenues only.This can be understood by looking at the general fund balance sheet and the total requirement checked and the collected resources should exceed the requirements. Any management of a public corporation should be adding to the funds and not decreasing the funds by drawing from it. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) This is the primary responsibility of finance executives as they are able to understand financial statements the best.Yet problems of this character keep on happening and a Senator in join States was shocked to learn that District of Columbia had received an unqualified audit opinion though it had a deficit as advanced as $700 million. The reply from the audit firm was that the financial statements were presented properly and in accordance with generally accepted written reporting principles. Guarding the Public Checkbook) Thus the matter should have been determined by the a ccounting executives and brought to the notice of the concourse as it is their funds that are not in order.The cheat of the leadership is to decide where the body has to be taken, and the finance executives have to determine what is happening to the revenue base, what are the major problems for the body, what are the implications of the changes that have been made, and so on. When the issue of Orange County bankruptcy hit the headlines, the final truth was revealed that both the chief administrator and the treasurer did not know much about finance. This should have been mentioned by them and the decisions left to better qualified individuals. These sorts of problems come up when the recruitment and hiring processes are not correct.Otherwise someone should have know that it all right to require individuals who are not financial experts, but e really organization must have at least one individual with that capacity. It is clear that elementary vigilance must be practiced. In the case of Orange County, supervisor Bill Steiner clearly admitted that he did not know what questions he should have asked, and this finally made him an accomplice in the whole unfortunate affair. It is important that individuals in charge of recruitment develop the knowledge of asking relevant financial questions. Even when the problem was noted, another mess was nearly started when the county thought of using a sales tax increase as their method of getting out of the situation.The county had fallen into a position where it had to decide on privatization, program reduction, asset sales, etc. the county was trying to take a simple way out. It is clear today that the increase in tax was neither intelligent nor take uped. The best advice for the county was to file for financial bankruptcy and this was provided by the Board of Supervisor, Thomas Reilly. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) It is clear that finance executives have an important role and they must live up to the expectations of the people who they are serving. However, like all other government officials, even accounting personnel have to provide leadership and one such case was in the disaster recovery effort after the Hurricane Ivan had struck northern Florida.They were a team of six high level managers who are normally accustomed to working in nice offices in a large organization. They had to toil from dawn to dusk in very high temperatures with steamy weather and there was no electricity. There was no fresh water and not a place for them to take a break. They had to do a lot of physical labor and adequate tools were not available. The nutrition was just peanut butter, cheese from a tube, apples, and candy bars and this was the same food for all three meals. Sleep was in the back of a cramped vehicle and that had no air-conditioning, and go through the same schedule for a few days. Yet in spite of all the difficulties the team were focusinged on there jobs, with cooperation and high enthusiasm.Yet t he reasons why they had come were not due to government duty, but with the purpose of helping a colleague whose home had been badly damaged. (Unlocking the potential of Your Employees) The main story about all this is that the secret of making people work with a will is treating them like trusted and valued adults. They can work the best when there are clear goals and expectations with autonomy, feedback and appreciation. At the same time, it is inherent that the leaders also show a certain amount of enthusiasm and human touch. The leaders have to continue working with the same energy and fealty while relinquishing some amount of control and authority.The attitude of the leaders to others must be one of empathy, or fellow feeling. On top of everything, no leader should feel that the leader knows best about all matters, and be ready to apologize when they make mistakes. These are certain behavioral techniques that help in getting the best help from employees. (Unlocking the potenti al of Your Employees) This appreciation of leadership role is useful to the chief financial officers and finance directors who are no longer being viewed as only scorekeepers but as trusted business advisors and partners. In the private sector, this change has been going on for quite some time, but it has started only recently in the government.This also determines the role of the financial executives and they have to pass along most of their time in determining the correct strategic and operating decisions and spend much less time in earlier operations which used to take up a lot of time like account reconciliation, hire processing and historical financial reporting. This is all being done in the machine, and thus the shift of the emphasis of the finance executives direction is not requiring extra employment. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) As a matter of fact, the size of employees in the finance function will reduce. The change in the role of the finance executive is occurring in all organizations.Considering the development that has taken place over the last few years, it is important for financial executives to strike a balance between their roles as score keeper and adviser. What is meant by balance is that the regular work also has to be finished, and at the same time take up a more important role in organizational development. The results of this change in the government organizations can be seen through improved budgetary processes that are now beginning to link funds parcelling to performance achieved, innovative methods to recover administrative costs, and increased use of technology to reduce the need for reconciliation and useless data entry. The help from technology is high in the areas of account reconciliation, payment processing and historical financial reporting.From Scorekeeper to Business Partner The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) One of the important measure s of finance officers in local governments is now performance measures and that is moiln by increasing demands from citizens for government accountability, increased interest from local legislators regarding performance related information so that better evaluation can be made of programs as also for resource allocation and the efforts from different organizations and professional associations to make governments home runed to results. The performance measures allow policy makers, managers and the general public find out the effectiveness of government services.The mensuration of performance takes into account the resources used, the activities generated by the programs and the final results obtained from the programs and services. However quite a few of the performance measurement activities are limited to only measuring program inputs and outputs. (Performance Measurement) On the other side, correct methods of performance measurement should also talk about the program results. From the side of the government, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board or GASB has been concentrating on performance measurement from the early 1980s. As a result of this concentration, there was a series of research reports called Service Efforts and Accomplishments reporting that was issued for the help of governments in measuring performance.This was followed up in 1994 with the second statement on the same lines. This stated that service efforts and accomplishments information including both financial and non-financial performance measures is an essential aspect of the measurement of governmental performance and is necessary for assessing accountability and making informed decisions. (Performance Measurement) It is important for government finance executives to tell the truth and not hide it for presentation purposes. An example is in the case of Oregon where the proportions of adult Oregonians who are smokers are only 20. 7 percent when in the rest of the country the sa me ratio is 23. 2 percent.Yet, they were not felt to be enough in Oregon as the state had fixed a lead of 15 percent to be achieved by 2000 and this was fixed in the year 1989 by the benchmarks program in the state. While fixing the target, the committee was anything but realistic as this sort of non-smoking does not exist in United States. This is a matter that should have been properly discussed at the time of setting up the targets. The targets were set in all areas with direct goals to be reached in health, education, scotch development, environmental policy and so on. (The Problem with promises) The decision was taken that the state government would try to reach these targets within ten years.The decisions for allocation of funds and other matters were then to be made according to the achievements of targets. In one of these instances, the state wanted to reduce the use of drugs among students of the eighth standard to 3 percent from the original figure of 14 percent. Some time later it was realized that the target would not be reached, and then the solution sought for the problem was to change the target to 15 percent from 3 percent. At the end of the period, the proportion of users was 14 percent the same as at the start of the plan but it was viewed that the target has been reached. (The Problem with promises) These types of efforts by the accounts officers are just efforts to hide the truth and do not help any part of society.The importance of being truthful has been realized by the National Performance Review and they have stated that effective entrepreneurial governments insist on customer satisfaction. They listen carefully to their customers using surveys and focus groups and restructure their basic operations to meet customer needs. They use market dynamics such as competition and customer choice to create incentives that drive their employees to put the customer first. (Linking Quality to Business Planning and Performance Goals in Local Government) The importance of government finance officers are best utilise when they end up providing the truth to the public.

Spinal Cord Injuries And Treatments Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionMusculoskeletal arranging is an organ system that includes bone and gristle, musculuss, sinews, ligaments and articulations. Low rear spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia anaesthesia anesthesia anaesthesia anesthesia anesthesia anesthesia tugboat hurts dejection be tell ons which affect the bone, herniation which affect the figure book, sprain which affects ligaments or musculuss. ( Truumees, 2007 ) . Common hurts of the spinal mainstay argon associated with falls from a tallness and motor fomite accidents. When a force is exerted to the lumbar spinal tower and exceeds the stableness and strength of the spinal column it consequences in a break in. ( Nadalo, 2007 ) . In harm this cornerstone lead in encroachment of the neuralnesss and bum do cauda equina syndrome. Cauda equina syndrome involves failing in the legs, vesica palsy and intestine. ( Larson & A Maiman, 1999 ) .Harmonizing to Truumees 2007, there is a scope of breaks that ar linked with the spinal column. These scope from compaction breaks, where the bone collapses to when pieces of bone explode into the tissue know as burst breaks. Fracture disruptions are the worst as the castanetss interruption and trend off from each other, ligaments are torn as full. Normally these state of affairss require surgery. chief(a) sight protocol for look intoing spinal pathology comprises ceremonious skiagraphy, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging. ( Kim, 2009 ) .Anatomy commenceThe spinal heap extends from the hiatuss magnum to L1-L2 phonograph record infinite. It is uninterrupted with the myelin oblongata and terminates in the conus medullaris. Be funky this power head teacher the nerve root running inferiorly are jointly called the cauda equina. The cauda equina tallies deep down the spinal canal, which is bordered interiorly by the vertebral total fertilizer grammatical constructions and lowlife by the dorsal wasted arch, ( Vaccaro, 2003 ) .The membranous beds coverin g the spinal cord are referred to as the meninxs. The meninxs consist of three beds the Dura, arachnoid and Indian arrowroot mater. The Dura is attached interiorly to the posterior longitudinal ligament. The Indian arrowroot mater is composed of a ostensible bed epi-pia and a deep bed pia-glia, ( Clark & A Letts, 2001 ) .The first alterations evident in spinal cord anatomy following traumatic hurt are punctate bleedings in the grey and white affair. The work of the lumbar spinal column is mostly engrossed to flexure and extension with a minor grade of rophy head. The type between the superior articular procedure and the lamina is the pars interaticularis, ( Nadalo, 2007 ) .PathophysiologyAs indicated above the breaks of the lumbar spinal column occur any clip the combined forces of compaction, distraction, and rotary motion exceed the strength of the spinal column. The prevailing force determines the nature of the break disruption. It is common that axial rotary motion occu rs in the upper lumbar part. With capacious rotational forces, subluxation and a combined break occur and this consequences with the hurt to the conus medullaris. Compaction of the conus medullaris and heart grow consequences in failing and hurting, ( Clark & A Letts, 2001 ) .Any hurt that involves the spinal cord is serious. If the conus medullaris is injured diligents will hold jobs with the intestine, vesica and sexual map. A group of undivided ill at ease(p)nesss called cauda equina are found below the conus medullaris. Pressure on these nervousnesss can do long term leg failing, intestine and vesica jobs therefore is treated as an exigency, ( Truumees, 2007 ) .Spinal intervertebral phonograph record distribute the forces that sound through the whole spinal column. They lie between two next vertebral organic structures and act as daze absorbers. criminal record herniation or ecstasies occur when the inner nucleus pulposus ruptures through the diminished ring ( outer beds ) of the phonograph record. Disc herniation in the lower dorsum can be due to trauma. Symptoms include lower back hurting, leg hurting, numbness or weakening and tingle of one or both legs. In serious instances nervousnesss to the intestine and vesica can be compressed taking to incontinence, ( Knaub, 2007 ) .Compaction from big cardinal lumbar phonograph record herniation at L4/5 and L5/S1 tip is a common cause of cauda equina. Thickening of the ligamentum flavum and degenerative alterations as a consequence of spinal stricture is another cause of cauda equina. Spinal hurt with breaks or subluxation is another less common cause. Compaction can besides be cause by spinal tumour of metastatic lesions, ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2009 ) .The symptoms are less predictive although they are associated with the damage of the vesica, intestine and sexual map and to some extend perianal ( agitate numbness ) . Cauda equina consequences from disfunction of many sacral and lumbar nervus roots. It is besides believed to be cause by interverbral phonograph record herniation. Loss of perianal sensory and anatomical sphincter perturbation and this could be with or without urinary keeping. Complete cauda equina has schematic urinary keeping or flood and rudimentary cauda equina there is decreased urinary esthesis, ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2009 ) . With disc herniation, if the degenerative procedure advancements, little circumferential crevices invent in the fibrosus, which subsequently coalesce to organize radial, tear. Differentiation between focal bulge of disc stuff and a circumferential expansion is of import, as the precedent is typically treated running(a)ly, whereas the later can be treated cautiously. Disc herniation refers to a focal, uncomplete extension of the contents of the nucleus pulposus through an uncomplete tear of the annulus fibrosus, ( Lee, 2006 ) .Brief lineation of imaginativeness techniques/protocolsI magination ProbeImagination of the spinal column can be performed by conventional skiagraphy ( CR ) , ultrasound ( US ) , computerised resource ( CT ) , digital minus angiography ( DSA ) or magnetic ringing idea ( magnetic resonance imaging ) . With conventional skiagraphy, anteroposterior ( AP ) , sidelong and shifty projections of the vertebral column should be obtained. CR proffer valuable information sing bony constructions of the spinal column, facet articulations, phonograph record infinites, and foramina while limited information sing the paraspinal slow tissues can be obtained. The spinal cord is good seen with US in the first few months of life, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Multislice CT demonstrates the vertebral column, vascular constructions and disc really good in concert with better visual image of the spinal cord and paraspinal soft tissues while conventional CT demonstrates the vertebral organic structure and posterior elements really good with merely limited visual ima ge of the soft tissue and spinal cord. DSA is still the voluptuary criterion for imaging and interventional assists of spinal vascular constructions. DSA is clip devouring, encroaching(a) technique that has the disadvantages of high degrees of radiation. MRI visual modality has become the mode of nag for imagination of the spinal cord, thecal pouch, nervus roots, extradural infinite, vascular constructions, nervous hiatus, vertebral organic structure, intervertebral phonograph record, facet articulations, spinal ligaments and paraspinal soft tissue, ( Goethem, Hauwe & A Parizel, 2007 ) .Injury patients with hurting in the lumbar sacral part necessitate sidelong and AP radiologic positions. If these surveies are negative but clinical symptoms are impressive, farther imagination by CT is indicated. CT is helpful in characterizing complex hurts such as break disruptions and in separating burst breaks from anterior compaction breaks. shrewd oncoming of radicular symptoms after s ubtile injury may justify CTM or MRI to except acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Diagnostic value including image visual aspectsPLAIN FILM RAD OF THE lumbar branch lineRadiographic rating starts with the AP and sidelong radiogram. When clinically inappropriate a horizontal convey with the patient recumbent is taken alternatively of the sidelong place. initial rating of the overall alliance of the thoracolumbar junction and lumbar spinal column is clearly assessed with a sidelong skiagraphy taken in the supine place. some(prenominal) breaks demonstrate non merely a comminution of the vertebral organic structure but besides a local country of humpback. Oblique projections should be obtained merely when the AP and sidelong radiogram are inconsistent with the clinical rating. The patient s status moldiness besides let the rotary motion into the oblique place. The oblique projections provide first-class visual image of the pars interaticularis and the aspect articulations, ( Browner, 2003 ) .When viewed in an oblique projection, the lineation of the aspects and the pars interaticularis appear like the cervix of a Scottie Canis familiaris, ( Nadalo, 2007 ) . Soft tissue intumescence may bespeak a break even if the break is non straight visualized. Structures that are best seen on the oblique positions include the cross procedure and pedicel on the dependent side and the pars interaticularis.Plain X beam is discriminatory as it is readily available and cheap. It besides provide a rapid estimate of a specific spinal part and depending on the patient force, weight bearing and dynamic positions possibly obtained. Conventional skiagraphy is utile in corroborating standard osteal constructions, vertebral alliance and structural unity of the spinal column, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .On the contrary field x beam has low rawness and specificity in placing diagnostic spinal pathology. It can non visualize nervous constructions and other soft tissue lesions ( disc herniation ) . It is limited in the diagnosing of early phase tumor or infection because important bone devastation must happen before a radiographic ab modal(prenominal)cy is noticeable, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .CT OF THE SPINECT allows images to be obtained in any sheet to depict the pathology in inquiry. Multi-planar computed imaging is CT with routinely obtained mesial and coronal reformatted images. Multi-planar CT including three dimensional CT is presently the imagination technique of pick for spinal hurt. The value of CT is in the axial image, which demonstrates the nervous canal and the comparisonship of the break fragments to the canal. Axial information obtained in the supine patient are converted electronically into images displayed in the sagittal and coronal planes, without necessitating motion of the patient. ( Browner, 2003 )Thin-section axial CT scanning with a bone algorithm is the individual most sensitive agencies by which to name breaks o f the lumbar spinal column. Everyday turn CT scans of the lumbar spinal column are valuable because multi-section CT scanners can act as forth high-resolution spinal images, even during a particular multi-systemic rating for injury. Good-quality CT images can be used to place to a greater extent lumbar spinal column hurts than conventional radiographic surveies, ( Oskouian, & A Johnson, 2002 ) .CT is known to be the best for bone anatomy appraisal and the usage of multiple transverse sectioned images which can be reconstructed to communicate images in remote planes is an added advantage. It is the chief replacement when MRI is contraindicated, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .The disadvantages of CT follow the exposure to ionising radiation. It provides hapless word go for of nervous elements and next constructions. Ligaments, phonograph record, dural pouch, and nervus roots appear as different sunglassess of grey. Significant pathology can be missed. Sagittal images are non routinely recon structed at many establishments, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .MRI OF SPECIFIC ACUTE SPINE INJURYMRI is alone in its ability to observe acute hurt to the spinal cord. Fat appears luminous on T1 images and less bright on T2 images. T1 images are good for measuring constructions that contain fat, bleeding or proteinaceous fluid as they demonstrate high signal. T2 images are leaden towards H2O. Water appears bright on T2 images and dark on T1 images. T2 images are most utile in contrasting normal and unnatural anatomy, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .Atlas 2008, suggest that cord odema appears isointense in relation to the normal spinal cord on T1-weighted spin reverberation images but becomes brighter than normal spinal cord on T2-weighted image sequences. MRI signals have the ability to place the histopathology of acute spinal cord hurt. MRI depicts normal ligaments as parts of low signal strength because of deficiency of nomadic H. Break of the ligament is seen on MRI scans as an disconnected break of the l ow signal, ligament fading or stretching of ligament, knowledge of a lacerate ligament with an attached avulsed bone fragment, ( Browner, 2003 ) .The focal point is normally on spinal constructions when construing spinal column MRI scrutinies and merely the everyday sagittal and axial images are used. Coronal lookout images are acquired for localization of function of function intent before each everyday lumbar spinal column MRI scrutiny. This everyday normally includes the hip articulations and proximal thighbones, ( Lavelle & A Bell, 2007 ) .Acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation may attach to breaks or disruptions or may happen as an stray lesion. If the phonograph record impinges on the spinal cord or roots, a neurologic hurt may ensue. MRI entry of a single-level acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation is important in surgical direction in spinal injury to optimize neurologic recovery, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Lumbar spinal column MRI can show many vertebra l breaks and most abnormalcies of alliance. MRI is superior to CT in the designation of substantiative marks of a break such as pre-cervical edema or bleeding, extradural hemorrhage, and sprains of the paraspinal and intra-spinal ligaments. Associated hurts to intracranial constructions are evaluated better by utilizing MRIs than by utilizing CT images, ( Jarvik, Bowen & A Ross, 2001 ) .MRI avoids ionising radiation and provides imaging in extraneous planes which makes it advantageous over other modes. It can be used to visualize an full spinal part and avoids missed pathology at passage zones between next spinal parts. It besides provides keen soft tissue item and first-class visual image of intrathecal nervous elements. MRI is sensitive to marrow abnormalcies, ( Atlas, 2008 ) .Contrary MRI does non impute osteal anatomy every bit good as CT. Implanted devices are contraindications to MRI and claustrophobic patients may hold trouble because of the little diam of the imagination machine, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .Contribution to direction and intervention of the disease ( including consideration of patient issues and the wider context of healthcare preparation )Treatment and ManagementThe chief intervention for unstable lumbar spinal column breaks is surgical arrested development with spinal canal decompression as needed. A posterior attack involves pedicular arrested development in which 2 sections are fused. The process consequences in both fracture decrease and arrested development. The injured vertebra is grafted through the pedicel. Clearance of bone fragments from within the spinal canal is an of import end for most surgical attacks to lumbar spine breaks. Patients with complete paraplegia can be expected to stay unchanged.As for cauda equina syndrome surgical decompression is recommended after verification by MRI imagination of reversible cause of force per unit area. ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2009 ) .Research/Developments within diagn ostic imagination ( lend to the above )New MR imaging techniques such as diffusion ( DWI ) , perfusion ( PWI ) , available imagination ( FMRI ) and magnetic resonance spectrometry ( MRS ) provide more specific, elaborate and physiologic information about the spinal column and spinal cord and besides enable quantitative rating. Contrast enhanced ( high dosage ) spinal MRA is a really promising technique, peculiarly for testing scrutinies of the spinal venas and arterias. ( Goethem, Hauwe & A Parizel, 2007 ) .The betterments in CT engineering, introduced with coiling CT and the newer multi-detector array systems create the potency for CT to supply showing of the thoracic and lumbar spinal column as portion of a everyday thoracic pit and abdominal-pelvic CT survey in a multiple injury patient. Single-slice or coiling CT used in concurrence with lookout AP and sidelong radiogram may finally supply more accurate designation of lumbosacral hurts than is achieved with conventional skiag raphy, ( Browner, 2003 ) .The development of the multi-slice CT engineering with 0.5 2nd gauntry rotary motion allows up to eight axial images to be acquired per sec is expected to spread out to more images per second in the close hereafter. Addition of more sensor arrays is anticipated to take to farther additions in the velocity of image acquisition and betterments in image quality, ( Browner, 2003 ) . pearl scan utilizing RNI and extra trials will include Bone densitometry. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) is used to measure bone massTruumees, E. ( 2007 ) . Understanding lumbar spinal column injury. unify States StrykerDevlin, V. J. , 2003. Spine secrets. Elsevier Health SciencesNadalo, L. A. , 2007. Lumbar spinal column, injury. Texas, regular army American College of Radiology.Larson, S. J. and Maiman, D. ( 1999 ) . surgery of the lumbar spinal column. New York ThiemeVaccaro, A. R. ( 2003 ) . Fractures of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal column. United Kin gdom Informa Health CareKnaub, M. A. ( 2007 ) . Understanding lumbar phonograph record herniation. United States StrykerKim, H. S. , ( 2009 ) . diminutive hip upsets show up on spinal imagination surveies Lookout images illuminate excess spinal lesions, guide scrutiny and assist forestall misdiagnosis of back hurting. The diary of musculoskeletal medical specialty ( UBM Medica ) Diagnostic Imaging Asia Pacific. Vol. No. July 1, 2009.Lavelle, W. F. and Bell, G. R. Musculoskeletal conditions that may mime spinal pathology, a diagnostic quandary. SpineLine 2007 8 ( 6 ) 14-20BMJ 11/04/2009 volume 338 Lavy, C. , James, A. , Wilson-MacDonald, J. and Fairbank, J. 2009. Cauda equina syndrome.Goethem, J. W. M. , Hauwe, L. and Parizel, P. , ( 2007 ) . Spinal imagination Diagnostic imagination of the spinal column and spinal cord. Germany Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Browner, B. D. , ( 2003 ) skeletal injury basic scientific discipline, direction, and Reconstruction. ground forces Elsevier H ealth SciencesLee, J. K. T. , ( 2006 ) . Computed organic structure imaging with MRI correlativity. Philadelphia, USA Lippincott Williams & A WilkinsClark, P. and Letts, M.A Trauma to the thoracic and lumbar spinal column in the adolescent.A Can J Surg.A OctA 2001 44 ( 5 ) 337-45.A Medline .Atlas, S. W. , 2008. Magnetic resonance imagination of the brain and spinal column. Lippincott Williams & A Wilkins.Oskouian, R. J. and Johnson, J.P.A Vascular complications in anterior thoracolumbar spinal reconstruction.A J Neurosurg.A JanA 2002 96 ( 1 Suppl ) 1-5.A Medline .Jarvik, J.G. , Bowen, B. and Ross, J. , 2001. Practice guideline for the public presentation of magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) of the grownup spinal column. ACR pattern guidelines and proficient criterions 2001.Spinal Cord Injuries And Treatments Health And Social Care EssayIntroductionMusculoskeletal system is an organ system that includes bone and gristle, musculuss, sinews, ligaments and articulations. L ow back spinal column hurts can be breaks which affect the bone, herniation which affect the disc, sprain which affects ligaments or musculuss. ( Truumees, 2007 ) . Common hurts of the spinal column are associated with falls from a tallness and motor vehicle accidents. When a force is exerted to the lumbar spinal column and exceeds the stableness and strength of the spinal column it consequences in a break. ( Nadalo, 2007 ) . In injury this can ensue in encroachment of the nervousnesss and can do cauda equina syndrome. Cauda equina syndrome involves failing in the legs, vesica palsy and intestine. ( Larson & A Maiman, 1999 ) .Harmonizing to Truumees 2007, there is a scope of breaks that are linked with the spinal column. These scope from compaction breaks, where the bone collapses to when pieces of bone explode into the tissue known as explosion breaks. Fracture disruptions are the worst as the castanetss interruption and skid off from each other, ligaments are torn as good. Normal ly these state of affairss require surgery.Primary imagination protocol for look intoing spinal pathology comprises conventional skiagraphy, CT, and MRI. ( Kim, 2009 ) .Anatomy partThe spinal cord extends from the hiatuss magnum to L1-L2 phonograph record infinite. It is uninterrupted with the myelin oblongata and terminates in the conus medullaris. Below this degree the nerve roots running inferiorly are jointly called the cauda equina. The cauda equina tallies within the spinal canal, which is bordered interiorly by the vertebral organic structures and posterior by the dorsal bony arch, ( Vaccaro, 2003 ) .The membranous beds covering the spinal cord are referred to as the meninxs. The meninxs consist of three beds the Dura, arachnoid and Indian arrowroot mater. The Dura is attached interiorly to the posterior longitudinal ligament. The Indian arrowroot mater is composed of a superficial bed epi-pia and a deep bed pia-glia, ( Clark & A Letts, 2001 ) .The first alterations evident in spinal cord anatomy following traumatic hurt are punctate bleedings in the grey and white affair. The motion of the lumbar spinal column is mostly confined to flexure and extension with a minor grade of rotary motion. The part between the superior articular procedure and the lamina is the pars interaticularis, ( Nadalo, 2007 ) .PathophysiologyAs indicated above the breaks of the lumbar spinal column occur any clip the combined forces of compaction, distraction, and rotary motion exceed the strength of the spinal column. The prevailing force determines the nature of the break disruption. It is common that axial rotary motion occurs in the upper lumbar part. With great rotational forces, subluxation and a combined break occur and this consequences with the hurt to the conus medullaris. Compaction of the conus medullaris and nervus roots consequences in failing and hurting, ( Clark & A Letts, 2001 ) .Any hurt that involves the spinal cord is serious. If the conus medullaris is inj ured patients will hold jobs with the intestine, vesica and sexual map. A group of single nervousnesss called cauda equina are found below the conus medullaris. Pressure on these nervousnesss can do long term leg failing, intestine and vesica jobs therefore is treated as an exigency, ( Truumees, 2007 ) .Spinal intervertebral phonograph record distribute the forces that travel through the whole spinal column. They lie between two next vertebral organic structures and act as daze absorbers. Disc herniation or ecstasies occur when the inner nucleus pulposus ruptures through the diminished ring ( outer beds ) of the phonograph record. Disc herniation in the lower dorsum can be due to trauma. Symptoms include lower back hurting, leg hurting, numbness or weakening and prickling of one or both legs. In serious instances nervousnesss to the intestine and vesica can be compressed taking to incontinence, ( Knaub, 2007 ) .Compaction from big cardinal lumbar phonograph record herniation at L4/5 and L5/S1 degree is a common cause of cauda equina. Thickening of the ligamentum flavum and degenerative alterations as a consequence of spinal stricture is another cause of cauda equina. Spinal hurt with breaks or subluxation is another less common cause. Compaction can besides be caused by spinal tumor of metastatic lesions, ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2009 ) .The symptoms are less prognostic although they are associated with the damage of the vesica, intestine and sexual map and to some extend perianal ( saddle numbness ) . Cauda equina consequences from disfunction of many sacral and lumbar nervus roots. It is besides believed to be caused by interverbral phonograph record herniation. Loss of perianal sensory and sphincter perturbation and this could be with or without urinary keeping. Complete cauda equina has established urinary keeping or flood and uncomplete cauda equina there is decreased urinary esthesis, ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2 009 ) . With disc herniation, if the degenerative procedure advancements, little circumferential crevices develop in the fibrosus, which subsequently coalesce to organize radial, tear. Differentiation between focal bulge of disc stuff and a circumferential expansion is of import, as the former is typically treated surgically, whereas the later can be treated cautiously. Disc herniation refers to a focal, uncomplete extension of the contents of the nucleus pulposus through an uncomplete tear of the annulus fibrosus, ( Lee, 2006 ) .Brief lineation of Imaging techniques/protocolsImagination ProbeImagination of the spinal column can be performed by conventional skiagraphy ( CR ) , ultrasound ( US ) , computerised imaging ( CT ) , digital minus angiography ( DSA ) or magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) . With conventional skiagraphy, anteroposterior ( AP ) , sidelong and oblique projections of the vertebral column should be obtained. CR provide valuable information sing bony construct ions of the spinal column, facet articulations, phonograph record infinites, and foramina while limited information sing the paraspinal soft tissues can be obtained. The spinal cord is good seen with US in the first few months of life, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Multislice CT demonstrates the vertebral column, vascular constructions and disc really good together with better visual image of the spinal cord and paraspinal soft tissues while conventional CT demonstrates the vertebral organic structure and posterior elements really good with merely limited visual image of the soft tissue and spinal cord. DSA is still the gilded criterion for imaging and interventional processs of spinal vascular constructions. DSA is clip devouring, invasive technique that has the disadvantages of high degrees of radiation. MRI imagination has become the mode of pick for imagination of the spinal cord, thecal pouch, nervus roots, extradural infinite, vascular constructions, nervous hiatus, vertebral organic str ucture, intervertebral phonograph record, facet articulations, spinal ligaments and paraspinal soft tissue, ( Goethem, Hauwe & A Parizel, 2007 ) .Injury patients with hurting in the lumbar sacral part necessitate sidelong and AP radiologic positions. If these surveies are negative but clinical symptoms are impressive, farther imagination by CT is indicated. CT is helpful in characterizing complex hurts such as break disruptions and in separating burst breaks from anterior compaction breaks. Acute oncoming of radicular symptoms after acute injury may justify CTM or MRI to except acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Diagnostic value including image visual aspectsPLAIN FILM RAD OF THE LUMBAR SPINERadiographic rating starts with the AP and sidelong radiogram. When clinically inappropriate a horizontal beam with the patient recumbent is taken alternatively of the sidelong place. Initial rating of the overall alliance of the thoracolumbar junction and lum bar spinal column is clearly assessed with a sidelong skiagraphy taken in the supine place. Many breaks demonstrate non merely a comminution of the vertebral organic structure but besides a local country of humpback. Oblique projections should be obtained merely when the AP and sidelong radiogram are inconsistent with the clinical rating. The patient s status must besides let the rotary motion into the oblique place. The oblique projections provide first-class visual image of the pars interaticularis and the aspect articulations, ( Browner, 2003 ) .When viewed in an oblique projection, the lineation of the aspects and the pars interaticularis appear like the cervix of a Scottie Canis familiaris, ( Nadalo, 2007 ) . Soft tissue swelling may bespeak a break even if the break is non straight visualized. Structures that are best seen on the oblique positions include the cross procedure and pedicel on the dependent side and the pars interaticularis.Plain X beam is advantageous as it is re adily available and cheap. It besides provide a rapid appraisal of a specific spinal part and depending on the patient ability, weight bearing and dynamic positions possibly obtained. Conventional skiagraphy is utile in corroborating normal osteal constructions, vertebral alliance and structural unity of the spinal column, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .On the contrary field x beam has low sensitiveness and specificity in placing diagnostic spinal pathology. It can non visualize nervous constructions and other soft tissue lesions ( disc herniation ) . It is limited in the diagnosing of early phase tumor or infection because important bone devastation must happen before a radiographic abnormalcy is noticeable, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .CT OF THE SPINECT allows images to be obtained in any plane to show the pathology in inquiry. Multi-planar computed imaging is CT with routinely obtained sagittal and coronal reformatted images. Multi-planar CT including three dimensional CT is presently the imagination te chnique of pick for spinal hurt. The value of CT is in the axial image, which demonstrates the nervous canal and the relationship of the break fragments to the canal. Axial information obtained in the supine patient are converted electronically into images displayed in the sagittal and coronal planes, without necessitating motion of the patient. ( Browner, 2003 )Thin-section axial CT scanning with a bone algorithm is the individual most sensitive agencies by which to name breaks of the lumbar spinal column. Everyday coiling CT scans of the lumbar spinal column are valuable because multi-section CT scanners can bring forth high-resolution spinal images, even during a primary multi-systemic rating for injury. Good-quality CT images can be used to place more lumbar spinal column hurts than conventional radiographic surveies, ( Oskouian, & A Johnson, 2002 ) .CT is known to be the best for bone anatomy appraisal and the usage of multiple transverse sectional images which can be reconstr ucted to supply images in extraneous planes is an added advantage. It is the chief replacement when MRI is contraindicated, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .The disadvantages of CT follow the exposure to ionising radiation. It provides hapless word picture of nervous elements and next constructions. Ligaments, phonograph record, dural pouch, and nervus roots appear as different sunglassess of grey. Significant pathology can be missed. Sagittal images are non routinely reconstructed at many establishments, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .MRI OF SPECIFIC ACUTE SPINE INJURYMRI is alone in its ability to observe acute hurt to the spinal cord. Fat appears bright on T1 images and less bright on T2 images. T1 images are good for measuring constructions that contain fat, bleeding or proteinaceous fluid as they demonstrate high signal. T2 images are leaden towards H2O. Water appears bright on T2 images and dark on T1 images. T2 images are most utile in contrasting normal and unnatural anatomy, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .Atlas 20 08, suggest that cord odema appears isointense in relation to the normal spinal cord on T1-weighted spin reverberation images but becomes brighter than normal spinal cord on T2-weighted image sequences. MRI signals have the ability to place the histopathology of acute spinal cord hurt. MRI depicts normal ligaments as parts of low signal strength because of deficiency of nomadic H. Break of the ligament is seen on MRI scans as an disconnected break of the low signal, ligament fading or stretching of ligament, association of a lacerate ligament with an attached avulsed bone fragment, ( Browner, 2003 ) .The focal point is normally on spinal constructions when construing spinal column MRI scrutinies and merely the everyday sagittal and axial images are used. Coronal lookout images are acquired for localization of function intent before each everyday lumbar spinal column MRI scrutiny. This everyday normally includes the hip articulations and proximal thighbones, ( Lavelle & A Bell, 2007 ) .Acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation may attach to breaks or disruptions or may happen as an stray lesion. If the phonograph record impinges on the spinal cord or roots, a neurologic hurt may ensue. MRI presentation of a single-level acute intervertebral phonograph record herniation is important in surgical direction in spinal injury to optimize neurologic recovery, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Lumbar spinal column MRI can show many vertebral breaks and most abnormalcies of alliance. MRI is superior to CT in the designation of indirect marks of a break such as pre-cervical hydrops or bleeding, extradural hemorrhage, and sprains of the paraspinal and intra-spinal ligaments. Associated hurts to intracranial constructions are evaluated better by utilizing MRIs than by utilizing CT images, ( Jarvik, Bowen & A Ross, 2001 ) .MRI avoids ionising radiation and provides imaging in extraneous planes which makes it advantageous over other modes. It can be used to visualize an full spin al part and avoids missed pathology at passage zones between next spinal parts. It besides provides keen soft tissue item and first-class visual image of intrathecal nervous elements. MRI is sensitive to marrow abnormalcies, ( Atlas, 2008 ) .Contrary MRI does non specify osteal anatomy every bit good as CT. Implanted devices are contraindications to MRI and claustrophobic patients may hold trouble because of the little diameter of the imagination machine, ( Devlin, 2003 ) .Contribution to direction and intervention of the disease ( including consideration of patient issues and the wider context of healthcare proviso )Treatment and ManagementThe chief intervention for unstable lumbar spinal column breaks is surgical arrested development with spinal canal decompression as needed. A posterior attack involves pedicular arrested development in which 2 sections are fused. The process consequences in both fracture decrease and arrested development. The injured vertebra is grafted through t he pedicel. Clearance of bone fragments from within the spinal canal is an of import end for most surgical attacks to lumbar spine breaks. Patients with complete paraplegia can be expected to stay unchanged.As for cauda equina syndrome surgical decompression is recommended after verification by MRI imagination of reversible cause of force per unit area. ( Lavy, James, Wilson-MacDonald & A Fairbank, 2009 ) .Research/Developments within diagnostic imagination ( lending to the above )New MR imaging techniques such as diffusion ( DWI ) , perfusion ( PWI ) , functional imagination ( FMRI ) and magnetic resonance spectrometry ( MRS ) provide more specific, elaborate and physiological information about the spinal column and spinal cord and besides enable quantitative rating. Contrast enhanced ( high dosage ) spinal MRA is a really promising technique, peculiarly for testing scrutinies of the spinal venas and arterias. ( Goethem, Hauwe & A Parizel, 2007 ) .The betterments in CT engineerin g, introduced with coiling CT and the newer multi-detector array systems create the potency for CT to supply showing of the thoracic and lumbar spinal column as portion of a everyday thoracic pit and abdominal-pelvic CT survey in a multiple injury patient. Single-slice or coiling CT used in concurrence with lookout AP and sidelong radiogram may finally supply more accurate designation of lumbosacral hurts than is achieved with conventional skiagraphy, ( Browner, 2003 ) .The development of the multi-slice CT engineering with 0.5 2nd gauntry rotary motion allows up to eight axial images to be acquired per second is expected to spread out to more images per second in the close hereafter. Addition of more sensor arrays is anticipated to take to farther additions in the velocity of image acquisition and betterments in image quality, ( Browner, 2003 ) .Bone scan utilizing RNI and extra trials will include Bone densitometry. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) is used to measure bone massTruumees, E. ( 2007 ) . Understanding lumbar spinal column injury. United States StrykerDevlin, V. J. , 2003. Spine secrets. Elsevier Health SciencesNadalo, L. A. , 2007. Lumbar spinal column, injury. Texas, USA American College of Radiology.Larson, S. J. and Maiman, D. ( 1999 ) . Surgery of the lumbar spinal column. New York ThiemeVaccaro, A. R. ( 2003 ) . Fractures of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal column. United Kingdom Informa Health CareKnaub, M. A. ( 2007 ) . Understanding lumbar phonograph record herniation. United States StrykerKim, H. S. , ( 2009 ) . Critical hip upsets show up on spinal imagination surveies Lookout images illuminate excess spinal lesions, guide scrutiny and assist forestall misdiagnosis of back hurting. The diary of musculoskeletal medical specialty ( UBM Medica ) Diagnostic Imaging Asia Pacific. Vol. No. July 1, 2009.Lavelle, W. F. and Bell, G. R. Musculoskeletal conditions that may mime spinal pathology, a diagnostic quandary. SpineLine 2007 8 ( 6 ) 14-20BMJ 11/04/2009 volume 338 Lavy, C. , James, A. , Wilson-MacDonald, J. and Fairbank, J. 2009. Cauda equina syndrome.Goethem, J. W. M. , Hauwe, L. and Parizel, P. , ( 2007 ) . Spinal imagination Diagnostic imagination of the spinal column and spinal cord. Germany Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Browner, B. D. , ( 2003 ) skeletal injury basic scientific discipline, direction, and Reconstruction. USA Elsevier Health SciencesLee, J. K. T. , ( 2006 ) . Computed organic structure imaging with MRI correlativity. Philadelphia, USA Lippincott Williams & A WilkinsClark, P. and Letts, M.A Trauma to the thoracic and lumbar spinal column in the adolescent.A Can J Surg.A OctA 2001 44 ( 5 ) 337-45.A Medline .Atlas, S. W. , 2008. Magnetic resonance imagination of the encephalon and spinal column. Lippincott Williams & A Wilkins.Oskouian, R. J. and Johnson, J.P.A Vascular complications in anterior thoracolumbar spinal reconstruction.A J Neurosurg.A JanA 2002 96 ( 1 Suppl ) 1-5.A Medline .Jarvik, J.G. , Bowen, B. and Ross, J. , 2001. Practice guideline for the public presentation of magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) of the grownup spinal column. ACR pattern guidelines and proficient criterions 2001.

Government Assistance on Welfare Programs

S. B. 311 will reform the current system of welfare. The reform of the national system is based on the Wisconsin Works or W-2 bill. The bill makes it needful for hatful receiving financial, medical, and other(a) various types of government assistance to shit for what they receive. The goal of this bill is to eventually get everyone off of the current welfare system. This bill requires everyone who is before long receiving welfare to unwrap employment or enter a put-on training program. The part of the W-2 bill that will be included is the part that deals with job location.Every role player would progress to to meet with a financial and employment planner, who would help develop a money and time management program for that person. They would withal determine which level of employment or training the participant is ready for. Here are the levels from top to bottom Unsubsidized Employment People entering at this level will be offered the best available and immediate job opport unity. If the job does not provide a high enough income to supporting oneself, income credits, victuals stamps, Medical Assistance, and child care may be accessible for 6 months.This period of time is given to the participant to locate a higher income job. outpouring Jobs These jobs are designed for people who are not able to locate unsubsidized work. The bill would cover added costs to the employer for training an employee which might need extra support in job training for the premier(prenominal) 3-6 months. These visitation jobs should result in permanent positions. While a participant is working at a trial job the would be eligible for all of the current assistance programs. If a person quits a trial job they will be disqualified for any further financial or any other type of assistance.Community Service Jobs This category is reserved for people who do not have the job skills necessary to be hired by a regular employer. CSJ workers would receive $700 per week for up to eigh t months. During this period, a participant would have to work 30 hours a week and have 10 hours of educational training a week. After the eight months, the participant would be transferred to a trial job. modulation Transition jobs are only for those people unable to perform self-sustaining work. These participants would receive up to $700 a week for up to a year.During this period, a participant would be required to have 30 hours of work and/or developmental training a week and 10 hours of educational training a week. Participants would be eligible for all assistance programs and would be required to move to the CSJ category after a year. These are the measures that would be taken to help people find employment and permanently get them off of welfare. The current national system that is being used for work requirements is TANF. TANF stands for the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. The required identification number of monthly hours of participation in the program is 25 hou rs for 1999.Job skills ttraining, education related to employment, and secondary school or GED completion does not count towards the first 20 hours of participation. They can be in the program for up to 24 months and can receive all of the current welfare benefits. Then job hard-hitting is allowed for an additional 3 months, while participants still receive benefits. The only punishment this programs implements for able adults that do not work is that the adult would only receive foods stamps for 3 months out of a three year period. However, the person would still be eligible for other assistance benefits.The current national system seems like a joke. It is practically encouraging people not to work. It has a basis for some practical ideas, but the requirements are far too small and there is just about no motivation for a person to work. Everyone is not given an equal chance to get a job growing up, but that does not miserly working Americans should have to support them. S. B. 31 1 proposes a practical working plans for unemployed citizens and also has rigid standards. The expectations are high of the participants, but it is time that unemployed people have to work for what they receive.The bill proposes a plan which provides adequate assistance for people receiving job training and assistance to those who are starting unsubsidized work. On the other hand, the guidelines of the bill were designed not to tolerate an unwillingness to work. If a person get hold ofs not to work, or to go through the levels of job training, they will receive no government assistance. This seems harsh, but who wants to support someone who refuses to work? The participants of this program are given more than a fair chance to find employment and if they choose not to work, they will suffer the consequences.

Describe with Examples the Importance of Recognising and Responding to Concerns About Children and Young People’s Development.

U1 2. 210-11-11 Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about pip-squeakren and unripened peoples development. The following things would puddle concern about a baby bird or raw someones development. If the problem was left untreated then things could bulge out worse, and a delay in treatment could mean that the outcome is non as good as it would return been if treatment was trigger offed earlier. 1. Speech / Language. If a tyke or young person does not talk to anyone or even only speaks a few words compared to others, this may cause concern.This would socially imprint the youngster or young persons because they would find it hard to contrive friends, work in groups or even move with adults. It would also imprint their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions etc. Early preventive would be the best modal value to respond to this concern, the first step would be to have the child or young persons hearing check into because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will not want to communicate with others in casing they get something wrong. . Poor reading and physical composition. If a child or young person has difficulties with their reading and writing it may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and start to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall behind his peers of the same age.They may find it difficult to interact or make friends with others who are more advanced than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would oppose with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their mem ory and even their concentration. They would have a low self-esteem, and could also have a speech problem. They may become very disruptive in the class, because they mickle not do the work etc.The best way to respond to this concern would to inform the main teacher and also inform the SENCO, so that they jackpot follow it up correctly as the child or young person may have dyslexia. 3. CO-Ordination. If a child or young person starts to show signs of clumsiness or struggle with their fine motor or gross motor movements then this would cause concern and make you wonder what could be causing this? Their social development may be affected as they may find it hard to interact with other children when playing games in the playground.The child or young person will have problems with fine motor and gross motor skills and therefore may struggle to use a compose/pencil, have hand-eye co-ordination problems, balance and even running. This will also have a knock on affect on them intellectua lly, because if they are unable to hold a pen/pencil then they will be unable to write. The best way to respond to this concern would yet again inform the childs teacher and also inform the SENCO, as the child or young person may suffer from dyspraxia, and they will need to be assessed. . Signs of Abuse. It hindquarters be very difficult to recognise signs of abuse in a child or young person. They are some signs, which could alert staff to the fact that the child or young person might be being abused at home, for example constant bruising, or having unusual injuries for the child or young person. This may have an affect on their emotional development because they may suffer from low self-esteem, and be unable to name the emotion they are feeling.They may also have problems with their physical development because if the child or young person has been physically abused and hurt then they may be in pain when doing things. The best way to respond to this kind of concern is to inform th e childs teacher and also the head teacher and then they can then inform social services and the police and then they can look into the situation more closely. 5. Diet / Weight. If a child or young persons diet / weight were to suddenly drop or increase in a short period of time then this would cause some concern about them.Things that would raise concern would be if they came to school and did not have any lunch (packed lunch) or if they only eat small-scale amounts, this would make the child very irritable and very lethargic because they are not getting the right nourishment for one reason or another. If the child or young person is malnutrition they may have difficulty with their social development because they nay struggle with their speech and therefore are unable to interact and make friends. Their physical development may develop at a slower rate compared to the other children etc.The signs of a child being low weight could be that they have an illness like leukaemia, or th e fact that they are being neglected at home. The best way for staff to access this would to be speech to the parents/carer of the child or go to social services. 6. Behaviour. If a child or young persons behaviour is more along a prejudicious line constantly then this may cause concern and make staff etc wonder what could be causing the constant negative behaviour. This behaviour could be signs that the child or young person has ADHD, Autism etc. If left untreated then the child or young persons development would be affected in a big way.Socially no one would want to be their friend if they constantly hit, kick or even bite others, this would then make is hard for them to make friends and share with others. If the child does have a condition that is affect their behaviour this would cause them to have poor concentration and their listening skills would also suffer. Emotionally they may be constantly angry or confused by what is going on. The best way to respond to this would be t o inform SENCO and maybe introduce a behaviour chart in the class and reward the good behaviour.

Checkpoint †Business Organization Essay

July 22, 1975, Bill Gates writes a letter to capital of Minnesota Allen using the name, Micro-soft referring the their 60/40 partnership. Their main product is sanctioned. Gates and Allen worked day and night to create the first version of Microsoft Basic, a simple computer softwargon. They realize that the future of personal computers is in the software. The Computer Mart opens on Madison Avenue in New York. Zilog Z-80 chip is introduced. They have 3 employees including themselves and the revenue is $16,000. July 1, 1976, Microsoft refines and enhances BASIC to sell to other customers including DTC, habitual Electric, NCR, and Citibank. Microsoft develops its first ad campaign called, The legend of Micro-Kid. The partnership is moving right along and gates announces that he would like nothing more than to hire 10 programmers and fill the hobby market with good software. February 3, 1977,A partnership agreement between Paul Allen and Bill Gates is officially executed. Their main pr oduct is still BASIC. In November of 1977 the company is free to market BASIC to others. Within months, Microsoft licenses BASIC for the Commodore PET and TRS-80 computers, and begins negotiating with other companies. BASIC product. Bill Gates and Paul Allen shared the title of popular partner until 1977, when Bill Gates became president and Paul Allen vice president of Microsoft Corp. January 1, Microsoft moves its offices to Bellevue, Washington from Albuquerque, New Mexico. After moving to Bellevue, Microsoft continues to grow in employees, sales, and vision. Microsoft has a BASIC compiler for virtually every microcomputer on the market. However, the company recognizes that languages are only a part of the picture, which is why Microsoft makes its first foray into the mass-market possibilities of personal computers by forming the Consumer Products Division, created to develop and market retail products and toprovide support for individual users. Microsoft expands its market to t he European market with the addition of Vector Microsoft. Vector International signs on to guard Microsoft in the European market. Microsoft begins extending its network worldwide to computer manufacturers they begin using Microsoft hardware and software for2the computers they produce.Microsoft has already established contracts with ICL, Phillips, R2E, and several other OEMs. The reaching of the 16-bit IBM personal computer in 1981 set in motion the new era of computing, the personal computer. Within a few course of instructions, the industry would come together around two primary operating systems Microsoft MS-DOS and the Apple Macintosh. On June 25, 1981 Microsoft reorganizes into a privately held corporation with Bill Gates as President and Chairman of the Board, and Paul Allen as Executive Vice President. Microsoft becomes Microsoft, Inc., an incorporated business in the State of Washington. On June 25, 1982, James Towne, 39, was appointed president and chief operating offic er of Microsoft (July 6 1982 June 20 1983). In July, Towne took over all operating responsibilities from Bill Gates. Previously, Towne had been vice president and general manager of the instrument division at Tektronix Inc. ebruary 18, 1983 Paul Allen resigns as Microsofts Executive Vice President, but remains on the Board of Directors. June 20, 1983. James Towne resignes as COOAugust 1, 1983 Microsoft announces that Jon Shirley, 45, has joined Microsoft as President and old-timer Operating Officer and will be on the board from August 1, to June 30,. He is replacing James Towne. Shirley was previously with the Tandy Corporation. In August 1983, Jon Shirley, 45, joined Microsoft as president, chief operating officer, and director. During all these changes Microsoft unveils windows an operating platform that we are all familiar with and use to this day. August 12, Microsoft celebrates its 10th anniversary with sales figures for the fiscal year of 1985 of $140 million. The company ha s 900 employees and a diverse product line including industry standards like operating systems, languages, business software, hardware, and computer how-to books. September 3, Microsoft announcesvthat it has selected the Republic of Ireland as the locate of its first production facility outside the U.S. The Ireland facility, located at Sandyford, County Dublin, will be a Duplication and Distribution Center for Microsoft software products to be change in the European market.On March 13,1986,motivated by a desire to provide value to an increasing number of employee shareholders, Microsoft stock goes public at $21.00 per share, salary increase to $28.00 per share by the end of the first trading day. Initial public offering raises $61 million. December31, Microsoft announces that, at the end of 1986, Microsoft employees number 1,442. 1,162 are employed domestically, and 280 are employed internationally.

Referring to at Least Two Sources of Data, Critically Discuss How Crime Is Measured in Britain and Explain Why the Statistics Do Not Provide Us with a Full Picture of How Much Crime There Actually Is.

SCS1007 ESSAY Referring to at least dickens sources of selective information, critically discuss how hatred is measured in Britain and explain why the statistics do non nominate us with a full picture of how much law-breaking on that point actually is. If one were to investigate how much criminal offense there is in Britain, the ruling could differ dep closing curtain on whom you were asking or their judgement on what they actually class as criminal behaviour. Society is ambivalent towards annoyance, which skews the analysis over the train of criminal activity in Britain.Maguire describes the bea of crime numbers or trends as one of switching sands (Maguire 2002, p,322) in terms of the developments and creations in criminological process and thought which happens twenty-four hour period to day. He in like manner argues that finding the certain level of crime bears very little signifi usher outce in the study of criminology, however what bears greater signifi stinkpo tce is the critical approach by which the info is analysed.Nevertheless, there atomic number 18 decreed constabulary force-generated crime statistics in Britain, made up of reported and save crimes, which still, to this day impact on how politicians and journalists view the government activitys effectiveness in dealing with crime. The Official Crime Statistics in England are published yearly and allow various sectors of society such as the media, politicians and the general public to assess the extent and the trends in criminal activity.These published tables of national crime statistics named Criminal Statistics, England and Wales were first compiled in 1857 and were petty(a)d on yearly returns from the courts and the police which were and so aggregated by government statisticians (Maguire 2002). Crimes recorded in police statistics are define by the Notifiable Offence List (ONS Data sources further information). This follows technological advances in recent times, whi ch consume gr avouch the net number of police-recorded crimes, such as common assaults. Many minor crimes have been upgraded and are straight off regarded as nonifiable offences (Maguire 2002).However, there are significant shortcomings with the police-generated crime statistics, such as the occurrence that certain crimes are non included in this list, referred to by the ONS as non-notifiable crimes. These crimes often include anti-social behaviour or minor crimes such as drunkenness, littering or begging. Whilst there is criminal activity occurring in Britain which does not come to police notice, and therefore is not recorded (discussed in detail later in this paper), there are crimes which the police are aware of, but physical exercise a great deal of free will as to whether or not these crimes are recorded (Maguire 2002).The public are responsible for notifying around lxxx per cent of recorded crimes to the police (McCabe and Sutcliffe 1978), however, the latter have the responsibility for deciding which crimes to deal with and which to ignore. Often they can regard many crimes as too trivial or they dispute the legitimacy of others, which can leave alone to unreliable data. Moore, Aiken and Chapman (2000) see the police as filters, only recording some of the crimes reported to them. Furthermore, there are certain types of crime that are excluded totally from these statistics, seriously altering the extent to which the data can be classed as comprehensive.The term notifiable offence essentially refers to one, which can be tried by the capital Court. This leaves summary offences (those which can only be tried in a Magistrates Court) excluded from the data (Maguire 2002). In addition to this, crimes which are not regarded as the responsibility of the Home Office, such as those recorded by the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police, and UK Atomic Energy Authority Police (who among them record some 80,000 notifiable offences annually) (Kershaw et al . 2001, p91) are also excluded from functionary crime figures. A further limitation with police recorded crime data is caused by the unpredictable fluctuations with the remaining 20 per cent of crimes which the police themselves discover, all through observation, patrols or through confessions by those arrested. This could be due to increased arrests from planned operations targeted against a certain type of crime. For example, hobby the London riots in 2011, many throng were arrested due to the police focusing their resource and effort on finding the offenders. Similarly, at pop festivals many drug users have been be and arrested.On the other hand, numbers of recorded crimes may fall if police interest in a especial(a) type of crime is withdrawn. This could be for a number of reasons such as in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the legalisation of homosexuality was imminent. At this time the police regularly ignored liberty between males which resulted in a fall of recorded offences to half the level previously regarded as typical (Walker 1971). In criminology, the term the meritless figure of crime is often used to refer to the crimes that are not reported and therefore not recorded in official statistics.In theory, the dark figure consists of offences brought to the rightness agreement but not registered in judicial sources (perhaps because they were settled outside of the court), undiscovered offences or offences where the victim has chosen not to reveal details (Johnson and Monkkonen 1996). This loophole seriously alters the accuracy of the criminal justice disciplinary musical arrangement. The underlying think for certain crimes not being reported are based on peoples hold judgement of the seriousness of the crime, police power, police diplomacy or simply because people see it as an inconvenience.It could be argued that if people dont believe the reporting of their crime to be serious enough, accordingly the justice syst em is not as accessible and transparent as it should be. This argument widens the issue of the dark figure of crime from a statistical one to an underlying and historical error creating much orbit for debate. The police system is in place for the safety of citizens, but if citizens dont step the use of the justice system is necessary in certain instances, then what is the point in the justice system being in place for certain crimes?Furthermore, this hinders the reliableness of criminologists theories where a legalistic stance is taken in the interpretation of crime. A secondary measure of crime in Britain, regarded by Maguire as a directly parallel rival to the police-generated crime statistics (Maguire 2002) is the British Crime Survey (BCS), now named the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to reflect its geographical coverage. This measure attempts to combat the inaccuracy of the dark figure of crime referred to above.The CSEW was first conducted in 1892 and is an ann ual survey or else than a list of statistics. When the survey was first conducted, there were 11 million crimes reported however, official statistics recorded by the police only counted less than three million (Hough and Mayhew 1983) this gap is first hand establish of the dark figure of crime. Forty six thousand households (ONS Data sources further information) were suspenseed in the year ending June 2012, with the CSEW focusing more on qualitative data rather than the quantitative data used in official statistics.The CSEW picks up on crime that doesnt surface in official statistics, with households asked about their own personal experiences of crime in the past twelve months as well as taking into key out any non-response bias. The measure has a consistent methodology and the results are not skewed by a percentage of the population failing to report their crime. The measure suggests the true level of crime to be twice the official crime rate due to the proportion of people who admit to being victims or offenders of crime in a face-to-face interview, but do not report this to the police.Although the CSEW does now include a section on domestic violence, an area previously missed off the national figures, (particularly when victims are affright of their offenders) the real rate of crime is still substantially under-estimated. Corporate or workplace crime, homicide, drug stubbornness or crimes against people under the age of 16 are still not included in the CSEW figures. In todays society, this is a major drawback to the CSEW as corporate crime is growing in our increasingly globalised sparing whilst crimes against children appear to be remaining constant with no breakthrough on ginmill.In 2011, of the police recorded crime statistics on sexual abuse against children, it was found that 1 in 10 children (9. 4%) aged between eleven and seventeen years old had experienced sexual abuse (NSPCC 31/12/12). Some progress appears to have been made in the area of corporate crime following a recommendation contained in the National Statisticians Review of Crime Statistics (National Statistician, 2011 18/12/12) there is now a survey of commercial victimisation which aims to provide statistics on corporate crime in the economy over the next three years and is planned to be incorporated into future quarterly releases in 2013.However, other drawbacks associated with the CSEW include the time lag on information collection the survey records data from peoples experience 12 months prior. This is in comparison to police recorded crime in which the data is clearly more immediate. Furthermore, the CSEW is vulnerable to sampling errors and variation in results. One person may feel comfortable enough to admit criminal activity to one interviewer, but not to another. Therefore the reliability of the data can be challenged.When comparing both the CSEW and police recorded crime in official statistics the most recent data from the Office of National Sta tistics can be analysed. The CSEW, based on interviews in the year ending June 2012, reveals a statistically significant decrease of 6 per cent in the boilers suit level of CSEW crime compared with the previous years survey (ONS Overall level of crime 18/12/12). Similarly, the overall level of notifiable crime recorded by the police decreased by 6 per cent in the year ending June 2012, compared with the previous year (ONS Overall level of crime 18/12/12). Nevertheless, whilst the CSEW estimates just over 9. 1 million incidents of crime for the year ending June 2012, the official figures only record 3. 9 million offences. This is heavily based on the dark figure of crime that proportion of crime in Britain which goes unnoticed by the police. In 2002, the CSEW (then named BCS) calculated that 40 per cent of crimes cognise to victims and reported to the police do not end up in official statistics (Kershaw et al 2001, p992). It is straightforward that, whilst the CSEW does reveal a higher level of criminal activity in Britain, a majority of the crimes can regarded as not serious enough to be included in official statistics, and therefore should not alarm the population. Although the legalistic position attempts to simplify the scale of debate surrounding what crime actually is, stating the most critical and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is prohibited by the criminal order Coleman (2000), this however creates a question on what is actually being regarded as illegal behaviour and prohibited by the criminal code.Analysing the methods used in Britain to measure crime establishes the fact that criminal statistics are a social construction, based not on a set of legal definitions and laws, which can be transferred between social groups and times, but on a product of social processes. The process of attrition between an act, regarded as criminal, to the same act being punished contains a number of stages that blur the answer to the question How much crime is there in Britain? It appears that the term official crime figures is somewhat paradoxical in the fact that if society is basing its justified opinion on these official figures, then it must take into accounting several exclusions in order to get a more comprehensive perspective on what the data is actually showing. Although the figures summarise the most serious crimes in Britain they do not show the total picture.In this day and age more emphasis needs to be placed on the responsibility of the criminal justice system and the link back to the definition of criminals in the first place. In particular, if crime is viewed from a labelling perspective, then the role that the legal system plays in the creation of crime is of great significance when measuring the true level of criminal activity in Britain.In addition, consideration needs to be given to future prevention of crime and the measurement of how effective society is at removing or r educing certain categories of crime. In closing, I would argue that when answering the question how much crime is there in Britain? it would be naive to base any argument upon these official crime figures as they are simply indices of organisational processes Kitsuse and Cicourel (1963).